When logic gates are connected, they form digital circuits. These circuits are divided into two main categories: combinational logic and sequential logic. Combinational Logic Circuits
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From these three fundamental operations, universal gates like (Not-AND) and NOR (Not-OR) are derived. NAND and NOR gates are particularly significant because they are functionally complete; any imaginable Boolean operation or complex digital circuit can be constructed using only NAND gates or only NOR gates. When logic gates are connected, they form digital circuits
To explore the processor's architecture and design in detail:
| Gate Name | Symbol | Boolean Expression | Description | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | A · B | Q = A ∧ B | Output is true only if all inputs are true. | | OR | A + B | Q = A ∨ B | Output is true if any input is true. | | NOT (Inverter) | Ā or A' | Q = ¬A | Output is the opposite of the input (i.e., "inverts" it). | | NAND | A ↑ B | Q = ¬(A ∧ B) | Output is true except when all inputs are true. It is a "universal gate." | | NOR | A ↓ B | Q = ¬(A ∨ B) | Output is true only when all inputs are false. It is also a "universal gate." | | XOR | A ⊕ B | Q = A ⊕ B | Output is true if the number of true inputs is odd (e.g., exactly one input is true). | NAND and NOR gates are particularly significant because
Analyzes the intermediate code to make it run faster or consume less memory without changing its original meaning.
Circuits that perform arithmetic addition. A Half Adder adds two bits and produces a sum and a carry. A Full Adder adds three bits (including a carry-in from a previous stage) and is chained together to add multi-bit binary numbers. | | NOT (Inverter) | Ā or A'
Compilers are programs that translate source code written in a high-level programming language into machine language that can be executed directly by the processor. The compilation process involves several stages, including:
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